Free Essays on Financial Analysis Of Home Depot And Lowes

Monetary Analysis of The Home Depot and Lowe's Home Improvement Warehouse Jack Branas History and Summary Home Depot, Inc. was established in 1978. Their stores, which initially were set as a connection to Treasure Island stores, conveyed a supply of around 25,000 items. By and by, offering twice the same number of items, it is the world's biggest home improvement retailer working more than 1,400 stores in 49 U.S. states and 94 all the more abroad. Other than its most notable stores, the organization likewise works 48 EXPO Design Centers across U.S. which empower clients to get master guidance and top quality items inside its exceptional custom showrooms. Toward the finish of its 2001 financial year, Home Depot had revealed a great $53.6 billion of net deals. Their stock is traded on an open market at NYSE, recorded under the image HD. Fortune magazine has positioned the Home Depot as America's Most Admired Specialty Retailer for eight continuous years. In March 2002 a similar magazine set Home Depot as number six on its Best Ten positioning of industry. This judgment depended on development, monetary adequacy, representative ability, utilization of corporate resources, long haul speculation esteem, social duty, nature of the board and nature of items/administration. Being the business chief, Home Depot has faith in setting an appropriate guide to others by offering back to the networks in which it leads its organizations. Single direction of doing it is through giving awards in such territories as: moderate lodging; in danger youth; nature; and fiasco readiness and help. Home Depot’s significant contender is Lowe’s Companies, Inc. Lowe’s is a 56 years of age Fortune 100 organization. With its $22 billion of net deals in 2001of a total line of home improvement items and gear inside its 780 stores in 42 states, it is the world's second biggest home improvement retailer and the fourteenth biggest retailer in the U. S just as the 30th ... Free Essays on Financial Analysis Of Home Depot And Lowe's Free Essays on Financial Analysis Of Home Depot And Lowe's Monetary Analysis of The Home Depot and Lowe's Home Improvement Warehouse Jack Branas History and Summary Home Depot, Inc. was established in 1978. Their stores, which initially were set as a connection to Treasure Island stores, conveyed a supply of around 25,000 items. By and by, offering twice the same number of items, it is the world's biggest home improvement retailer working more than 1,400 stores in 49 U.S. states and 94 all the more abroad. Other than its most notable stores, the organization likewise works 48 EXPO Design Centers across U.S. which empower clients to get master exhortation and top quality items inside its novel custom showrooms. Toward the finish of its 2001 financial year, Home Depot had revealed a noteworthy $53.6 billion of net deals. Their stock is traded on an open market at NYSE, recorded under the image HD. Fortune magazine has positioned the Home Depot as America's Most Admired Specialty Retailer for eight sequential years. In March 2002 a similar magazine put Home Depot as number six on its Best Ten positioning of industry. This judgment depended on development, budgetary adequacy, worker ability, utilization of corporate resources, long haul speculation esteem, social duty, nature of the board and nature of items/administration. Being the business chief, Home Depot has confidence in setting an appropriate guide to others by offering back to the networks in which it leads its organizations. Single direction of doing it is through giving awards in such territories as: reasonable lodging; in danger youth; nature; and calamity readiness and alleviation. Home Depot’s significant contender is Lowe’s Companies, Inc. Lowe’s is a 56 years of age Fortune 100 organization. With its $22 billion of net deals in 2001of a total line of home improvement items and hardware inside its 780 stores in 42 states, it is the world's second biggest home improvement retailer and the fourteenth biggest retailer in the U. S just as the 30th ...

Week 9 Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 9 Discussion 2 - Assignment Example It is likewise huge in exhibiting the money creating capacity of the organization which asset report the monetary record neglects to appear. It uncovers the money expected to keep up plant productivity and level of activities. It gives data in regards to the liquidity of the firm stock issuance, profit installment, plant resource removal, hardware buy, and net change in stock, money due and payable. The monetary record hides the greater part of this data (Comiskey and Mulford, 2005). Income explanations reports money developments in working, contributing and financing exercises therefore helping speculators and banks to create future incomes through estimations on sums, flightiness of future incomes and timing. It additionally gives a premise of setting obligations, delivering representatives and regarding profits. The total compensation decides if the organization is making a benefit or a misfortune making it simpler for lenders, representatives and investors to pass judgment on the productivity of the organization (Marius and Oberholster, 2007). Any fiscal summary peruser effectively comprehends the difference in resources and liabilities inside the exchanging time frame. Incomes help the investors to get data with respect to the profit due. For example, in 2010 Google heaped more than $26 billion adding up to about 20% of the estimation of the organization. It was provoked to discharge quite a bit of money to investors (Marius and Oberholster,

Agro-Based Industry

By and large, agro-based industry alludes to an industry that adds esteems to agrarian crude materials through handling so as to create attractive and usable items that deliver benefits and extra pay to the maker. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), improvement of agro-put together industry will be center with respect to expanding use of agrarian produce in the creation of high worth included items just as handling activities.Private division is urged to put resources into agro-based preparing exercises, for example, horticulture related GLCs, auxiliary organizations of the farming offices just as pertinent affiliations and cooperatives. The endeavors additionally will be improved to expand investment of individual ranchers and anglers in agro-based preparing exercises with the goal that the handling of finished results from farming mechanical wares will be increment further.However, a large number of Malaysian food makers are still little undertakings, in this way fundamental motivators and skill will be given to support the agro-food makers to redesign the nature of their items through rehearsing Good Manufacturing Practices (GM), Quality Assurances Program (QAP), Hazard Critical Control Point (HACCP), ISO and other International Quality Standards. Moreover, during the Ninth Malaysia Plan period, agro-put together industry will be focused with respect to advancement based item development.Furniture and furniture segments makers will be urged to concentrate on inventive item structure and quality just as grow their item range to incorporate top of the line specialty items while improving existing exercises. Measures will be attempted to forcefully advance fares of top notch items in consistence with ecolabelling necessities to support piece of the pie just as differentiate into new markets. Issue Related †Food Crisis The food emergency circumstance seen in 2007 and 2008 with a sharp increment in asic food costs features the extraordinary powerlessn ess of the current farming and food model. The worldwide food emergency is at present packed principally in urban zones, where individuals in country zones additionally experiencing the food emergency. The sharp cost increments are starting to cause across the board hunger the same number of families are utilizing as much as 75 percent of their salary for food. As per the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the food emergency has left after another 925 million individuals in hungry.The number of individuals experiencing unhealthiness before the ascent in the cost of food in 2007 was 850 million, and it become 925 million around the same time which expanded by 75 million. Truth be told, the present food emergency is as of now influencing legitimately or in a roundabout way 50% of the populace overall in excess of three billion individuals. There are a few variables which causes the sharp increment in worldwide food costs, for example, the expanded interest for foo d generally.While creation around the globe has been expanding, utilization for food, feedstock, biofuels and other business utilizes has been developing at a considerably quicker rate. Moreover, there are numerous cataclysmic events comprehensively like floods and dry spells. Dry season in some major creating regions additionally adds to the higher food cost. Dry spell is influencing Australia, the Balkans and the previous Soviet Union. Different factors, for example, shape are influencing grain creation in South Asia.On the other hand, the expanded interest for creature protein likewise one of the reasons for higher food cost. Progressively well-to-do social orders utilize a lot of grain for transformation into dairy, eggs and meat. Transformation utilizes unquestionably more grain than if individuals essentially ate the grain themselves. There have been gigantic increments in China and India, yet in addition in different nations where ways of life are rising. Ramifications of the Global Food Crisis Food security is characterized as physical and monetary access to adequate, protected and nutritious food to meet dietary needs.The threes parts of food security incorporates food accessibility, access and ampleness, where these three fundamental angles must be accomplished for a nation so as to accomplish national food security. Because of the worldwide food costs proceed to rise and in this way guaranteeing food security is right now probably the best test looking by the world network. This test is generally basic in low-pay and food-deficiency African nations. The reports from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have uncovered that 36 nations are in the emergency all around, while 20 of these nations are in the Africa.More to the point, sanitation and food security are firmly connected with one another. At the point when food is hard to come by, people are principally worried about fulfilling hunger and are not constrained to think ab out sanitation or even the nature of food. They will devour less products of the soil however increasingly greasy nourishments and staples that are low in vitality and supplements. This imbalanced eating routine has suggestions for the pervasiveness of heftiness and incessant sicknesses, for example, diabetes, coronary illness and some cancers.Besides that, absence of access to food impacts food admission will bring about affecting the wellbeing and nourishing status of family units. Among the world’s undernourished kids, the majority of them are originated from sub-Saharan Africa. In detail, the food emergency has come about in around 200 million Africans are eager and malnourished where 31 million are younger than five. Ailing health adds to neediness since it causes or bothers ailment, brings down intellectual capacity and in this manner instructive fulfillment, and diminishes productivity.Food access, ampleness and quality are required to guarantee that food security even tually prompts a functioning solid life for the person as food is vital for development, protection from or recuperation from malady, and furthermore fundamental for physical work. In the long haul, this emergency will bring about disabled mental turn of events, lessened learning capacity, decreased work profitability, and the nourishment related ailments. Decision As an end, there is a quick need and answers for food emergency so as to forestall hunger and guarantee the populaces approach safe food at the equivalent time.For model, bringing the ventures up in ecologically reasonable horticultural efficiency, better hazard the executives devices, less food concentrated biofuel innovations, and environmental change adjustment measures are on the whole important to relieve the effect of expected food value instability on the most helpless. In general, the inclusion, participation, and coordinated effort between the wellbeing area and different segments assume the principle job to addr ess the difficulties related with food get to, ampleness, quality and security by fortify the plan and usage of food and nourishment policies.References Driving Agriculture: Making Agro-based A Key Economic Engine. Recovered April 9, 2011, from http://www.asli.com.my/DOCUMENTS/STRATEGIC%20OUTLOOK/Dato%20Baharom%20Jani.pdf Food Crisis †Causes, results and choices. Recovered April 12, 2011, from http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1774 Food Price Watch †February 2011. Recovered April 12, 2011, from http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_feb2011.html Ninth Malaysia Plan to Strengthen Agriculture and Agro-based industry. Recovered April 9, 2011, from http://www.mtc.com.my/information/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=609: The Causes of the Global Food Crisis. Recovered April 12, 2011, from http://crs.org/open approach/food-emergency causes.cfm The Global Food Crisis: Implications for the Health of People in the African Region. Recovered April 12, 2011, from http://www.who.int/nations/nga/reports/foodcrisis.pdf

Deontology Definition Essay Example for Free

Deontology Definition Essay While Deontology has its attractions it neglects to give a dependable establishment to moral dynamic Examine and assess this case (30) Deontology depends on the activities of an individual, not the results. The word deontology is gotten from the Greek word deontos. It was created by Immanuel Kant and it is an absolutist from the earlier hypothesis, the expression from the earlier methods it is understandable through experience and absolutist methods there are fixed standards that can't be changed. This implies Kant accepted the obligation of the ethical law was unchangeable and through experience, if everybody kept these guidelines the world would be a superior spot. Immanuel Kant composed Critique of Pure explanation in this book he concocted his deontological hypothesis of obligation. He trusted it is the obligation of one to keep the ethical law and not judge circumstances with sentiments, tendency, love and sympathy. Kant additionally accepted that all people look for best which is the state when all human righteousness and joy are joined together. To help individuals on their approach to moral choice Immanuel Kant contrived the absolute objective, this is rather than the speculative goal. The speculative basic typically begins sentence with an if for example on the off chance that you wish to finish a decent paper you should invest energy in it, where as an unmitigated basic reveals to you that you ought to accomplish something, for example you should brush your teeth toward the beginning of the day. This at that point was conceived into three distinct standards on the best way to carry on with your life; The Universal Law, Treat Humans as Ends in Themselves and Act as though you live in a Kingdom of Ends. Kants second rule in the straight out goal, So act that you treat mankind, both in your own individual and in the individual of each other person, never just as a methods, yet consistently simultaneously as an end This shows it could be an alluring hypothesis as it means well as a main priority. In the same way as other hypotheses, Deontology has its qualities and shortcomings. One of its fundamental qualities is that it is an absolutist hypothesis. This implies it is either naturally positive or negative, for example try not to submit murder. This is a significant quality as it makes a simple hypothesis individuals to follow. This may draw in individuals towards the hypothesis as it demonstrates rules to follow which a few people may depend on to settle on their ethical dynamic. Another motivation behind why it might pull in individuals is on the grounds that the guidelines are fixed so they don't need to scrutinize the principles whether they are correct or wrong them simply need to obey them keeping them in an agreeable position. This makes the hypothesis handy in regular use and individuals can rely on the hypothesis likewise there is no compelling reason to do any counts. Anyway there are many clashing perspectives to this quality. One of them is the way individuals can get dependant on the hypothesis. In the event that they become to dependant upon the hypothesis and it doesn't help them in a circumstance on moral dynamic they may battle to consider what to do straightaway. WD Ross formulated the thought of by all appearances obligations, this implies first appearance. This is the point at which we follow our obligation except if there is an abrogating commitment, for example lying to cause somebody to feel great about them self. This conflicts with the rule of obligation as you should not lie yet you could contend that you will feel ethically great about yourself in the event that you cause someone else to feel great. In this manner this doesn't help is good dynamic as you have clashing obligations. Solidarity to this hypothesis is that equity is consistently the total. This implies just naturally right activities are represented. This can be seen with Kants articulation of positive attitude. it is difficult to imagine anything at all on the planet, or even out of it, which can be taken as acceptable without capability, aside from positive attitude. This shows just positive attitude is the main acceptable we can accomplish from the world. By equity being an outright it implies that you can't legitimize unethical activities. This is alluring in light of the fact that it shows that by following this hypothesis you won't act unmorally and you will have the option to arrive at that best as you are satisfied with acceptable deeds. By not having the option to do any characteristically terrible activities this will cause individuals to feel it is a solid hypothesis in such a case that you keep these set standards you won't hurt someone else. In spite of the fact that it looks for equity, it doesn't look for the wellbeing of the larger part, this implies the minority may feel that equity has been done yet then again the dominant part may feel that equity has not been served. By and by I feel by satisfying the lion's share I will wind up with a superior result on the grounds that there will more prominent satisfaction, this connections in with Utilitarianism and the best delight over the best agony. Another motivation behind why this hypothesis is imperfect is the best. The best is a definitive satisfaction yet it must be accomplished by having an undying soul as it can't be accomplished in the lifetime. This shows joins with religion, despite the fact that Kant dismissed religious contentions with the presence of God. This strikes an issue in light of the fact that not every person has confidence in God so how might you follow the hypothesis on the off chance that you don't put stock in his reality. At long last it is to legalistic in light of the fact that it expect everybody is a decent individual, individuals have various aims so by accepting everybody has the goal of equity isn't right. To see whether is truly fails these reliabilities; we need to contrast the qualities and the shortcomings. A shortcoming to the hypothesis is that there are no restrictions to what can be universalised. This is on the grounds that in one people perspective something may appear to be splendidly fine to another people perspective, for example a constantly discouraged individual. They may feel self destruction is splendidly satisfactory. This connections in with the principal law of the all out objective Try not to follow up on any rule that can't be universalised. This implies moral laws ought to be considered into all circumstances. Again this isn't right since who is to state one right activity is another people right activity, this settles on it entirely inconsistent with moral dynamic. Notwithstanding in the event that you consider what the lion's share feel isn't right or right you could arrive at a resolution on all inclusive standards. This can be seen with rules, for example, don't submit murder as a great many people don't endure that and it is sheltered to state they don't concur with it. At long last another shortcoming is that Immanuel Kant begins to contend presently is to be done however what should be done, this is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This is a shortcoming since it causes individuals to feel as he is in charge and he is determining what ought to and shouldnt be finished. This is a shortcoming since Kant has distinctive concurrence on ethics to another understanding, again he is expecting the majority will concur with this strategy making questionable. By Kant saying what should be done he is demonstrating what he feels is naturally acceptable and that may fluctuate from another. Then again by Kant saying he should rather than is, it shows he is setting down standard procedures and a few people may like this as they will have rules to follow making it an appealing and solid good dynamic hypothesis.

The Nervous System Essay Example For Students

The Nervous System Essay The sensory system is the most mind boggling some portion of the body, as they oversee our considerations, emotions, and real capacities. It is a significant factor in science since it can prompt new disclosures for fixes or sicknesses. The investigations of the sensory system helped lower demise rates from coronary illness, stroke, mishaps, and so on. The sensory system is a system of neurons (nerve cells) that that sends data to the mind to be dissected. Neurons live both in and outside the focal sensory system. Seeing how the neurons work is fundamental to understanding the sensory system. NeuronsThe neuron has two significant structures called the dendrite and axon, additionally called nerve filaments. The dendrites resemble limbs that sprout from the cell and the axon is one long expansion of the cell. The dendrites get signals from different neurons, while the axon sends driving forces to different neurons. Axons can stretch out to in excess of a meter long. Normal estimated ne urons have several dendrites; in this manner it can get a huge number of signs at the same time from different neurons. The neuron sends driving forces by association the axon to the dendrites of another nerve cell. The neurotransmitter is a hole between the axon and the adjoining neuron, which is the place information is transmitted starting with one neuron then onto the next. We will compose a custom exposition on The Nervous System explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The neuron is adversely charged and it washes in liquids that contain emphatically charged potassium and sodium particles. The layer of the neuron holds contrarily charged protein particles. The neuron has pores called particle channels to permit sodium particles to go into the film, however keep the protein atoms from getting away (potassium particles can openly go through the layer since the particle channels generally confine sodium particles). At the point when a neuron is animated (not very still), the pores open and the sodium particles surge in on account of its fascination in the adversely charged protein atoms, which makes the cell decidedly charged. Accordingly, potential vitality is discharged and the neurons send electrical driving forces through the axon until the motivation arrives at the neurotransmitter of any neurons close to it. When the sign is sent, the particle adjust and gets very still. The electrical motivation that runs down the axon discharges a synthetic ca lled acetylcholine, just one of numerous synthetic concoctions that transmits flags over the neurotransmitter. These substances are called synapses since they transmit information starting with one neuron then onto the next. When the compound ties to the dendrites of another neuron, it is changed over back to an electrical drive, which is brought to the cell body. The motivation is then sent to another neuron, and the procedure rehashes until the nerves are very still. The impact of the signs relies upon what the objective is. In the event that the objective of the sign is a muscle cell, the impact may be a muscle withdrawal. The speed of the electrical drive relies upon the size of the nerve fiber. In little nerves, the rate it transmits driving forces is from a half to two meters every second. The bigger the distance across of the nerve fiber, the higher pace of directing motivations. There is less electrical obstruction in thick strands. At the point when nerve drive bounces from one hub (holes in nerve filaments) to the following, it is called saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction directs quicker on the grounds that it contains an encasing that forestalls spillage of flows. The pace of conduction is 2 to 120 meters every second. Not all nerves direct drive electrochemically. A few driving forces bounce from nerve to nerve, bypassing the neural connection. In contrast to different cells, when neurons are lost, they can’t be recovered. Luckily, there are around 10 billion neurons and they have different cells to help them in conveying messages to different nerves. Be that as it may, if nerves are cut off, the nerve strands can recover if the two closures are reattached correctly. Nonetheless, reestablished capacities may create various activities in light of the fact that the nerves probably won't be associated with the correct channel. There are three primary pieces of the sensory system: the focal, fringe, and autonomic sensory system. The cere brum and spinal rope makes up focal sensory system, the spinal and cranial nerves structure the fringe sensory system, and the autonomic sensory system is produced using different organs and muscles. .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .postImageUrl , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:hover , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:visited , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:active { border:0!important; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:active , .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2d2272ac4cb9c5d8a60c4f5bb2429b6e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: 8220Soldier8217s Home8221 and 8220Speaking of Cour EssayCentral Nervous SystemThe cerebrum and spinal rope shapes the Central Nervous System. The

INTJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

INTJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print INTJ: The Architect, (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging) An Overview of the INTJ Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key INTJ Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With INTJs View All INTJ (introverted, intuitive, thinking, and judging) is one of the 16 personality types identified by a personality assessment called the  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Sometimes referred to as the Architect, or the Strategist,  people with INTJ personalities are highly analytical, creative and logical.?? According to psychologist David Keirsey, developer of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, approximately one to four percent of the population has an INTJ personality type. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell The MBTI is one of the most popular psychological assessments, but critics have argued that it lacks both validity  and  reliability.?? If you take the MBTI, be sure to use caution when considering the meaning of your results. You can learn more about the INTJ personality in this overview. However, this should not be interpreted as health, psychological, or professional career advice. Key INTJ Characteristics INTJs tend to be introverted and prefer to work alone.INTJs look at the big picture and like to focus on abstract information rather than concrete details.INTJs place greater emphasis on logic and objective information rather than subjective emotions.INTJs like their world to feel controlled and ordered so they prefer to make plans well in advance. Strengths Enjoys theoretical and abstract concepts High expectations Good at listening Takes criticism well Self-confident and hard-working Weaknesses Can be overly analytical and judgmental Very perfectionistic Dislikes talking about emotions Sometimes seems callous or insensitive Cognitive Functions The MBTI identifies preferences in four key dimensions: 1)  Extraversion  vs  Introversion, 2) Sensing vs Intuition, 3) Thinking vs Feeling and 4) Judging vs Perceiving. As you can tell by the four-letter acronym, INTJ stands for  Introverted,  Intuitive,  Thinking, and  Judging. Based upon psychoanalyst Carl Jungs theory of personality, the MBTI also utilizes what is known as a functional stack in order to understand each personality.?? Each of the four key functions is either inwardly facing (introverted) or outwardly facing (extroverted). For each personality type, these different cognitive functions combine and interact in a variety of ways. Each type possesses a dominant function that sets the tone for that specific personality type. In addition to this dominant function, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions play supporting roles in making up the characteristics of an individuals personality. INTJs rely on four key cognitive functions:?? Dominant: Introverted Intuition INTJs use introverted intuition to look at patterns, meanings, and possibilities. Rather than simply looking at the concrete facts, they are more interested in what these facts mean.People with this personality type enjoy thinking about the future and exploring possibilities.When remembering events, they may recall impressions more than exact details of what occurred.INTJs are good at reading between the lines to figure out what things might really mean. Auxiliary: Extraverted Thinking As a secondary function in the INTJ personality, extroverted thinking leads people to seek order, control, and structure in the world around them.For this reason, INTJs can be very deliberate and methodical when approaching problems.People with this personality type tend to make decisions based on logic. They organize their thoughts in order to see cause-and-effect relationships. Tertiary: Introverted Feeling INTJs use introverted feeling but because it is a tertiary function, they do so to a lesser degree than they use the dominant and auxiliary functions.Those who develop this aspect of their personalities more fully pay greater attention to values and feelings when making decisions.As a result, they may also feel more drawn to people and activities that are well-aligned with their values. Inferior: Extraverted Sensing In INTJs, this tends to be the least developed of their cognitive functions, but it does still exert some influence.This function allows people to experience process information through their senses.When this function is in play, people may feel that they are living in the moment and are energized by the world around them. INTJs You Might Know Thomas Jefferson, U.S. PresidentC.S. Lewis, AuthorArnold Schwarzenegger, Actor PoliticianGandalf, The Lord of the RingsLance Armstrong, Cyclist Personal Relationships People with this personality type are introverted and  spend a lot of time in their own mind. INTJs work best by themselves and strongly prefer solitary work to group work.?? While they tend not to be particularly interested in other peoples thoughts and feelings, they do care about the emotions of the select group of people to whom they are close. In personal relationships, INTJs are willing to devote time and energy toward making these relationships successful. Other people often interpret INTJs as cool, aloof and disinterested, which can make forming new friendships challenging. People with this type of personality often see little value in social rituals and small talk, making it even more difficult to get to know them. They tend to be reserved and prefer to interact with a group of close family and friends. Career Paths When INTJs develop an interest in something, they strive to become as knowledgeable and skilled as they can in that area. They have  high expectations, and they hold themselves to the highest possible standards. INTJs are good at gathering information from the outside world, analyzing it and reaching new insights.People with this personality type tend to be very  analytical and logical. They value information, knowledge, and intelligence and make excellent scientists and mathematicians. They tend to do particularly well in fields that require efficiency and the ability to interpret complex information such as engineering, academia, law, and research.?? INTJs typically do well in careers that integrate their strong ability to understand and evaluate complex information with their ability to put this knowledge into practice. Careers that allow the INTJ to work independently and autonomously are also ideal. Popular INTJ Careers ScientistMathematicianEngineerDentistDoctorTeacherJudgeLawyer Tips for Interacting With INTJs Friendships INTJs tend to be solitary and self-sufficient, so establishing friendships can sometimes be difficult. Because people with this personality type tend to think so much of the future, they may avoid getting to know people because they believe that a long-term friendship will not work out. The good news is that while INTJs may not have a lot of friends, they do become very close and committed to those who persist. INTJs tend to prefer friends who are also introverted, rational, and low on emotional drama.?? Parenting INTJ parents tend to be thoughtful and attentive, yet they are typically not highly affectionate. They have high expectations for their kids and offer support by helping kids think logically when faced with decisions. Parents with this type of personality encourage their kids to be self-directed critical thinkers who are capable of solving problems on their own. If your child is an INTJ, focus on finding ways to encourage your childs intellectual strengths, but try to find a balance that avoid excessive perfectionism.?? You can also help your child develop their emotional strengths and look for ways to express their feelings. Relationships Because INTJs can be difficult to get to know, romantic relationships can sometimes falter. If your partner has this personality type, it is important to know that loyalty and understanding are important. Dont be afraid to show that you are dedicated to your INTJ partner, but also dont pressure them to spill their emotions. Communication is also critical. Rather than expecting your partner to pick up on your subtle cues, focus on being straight-forward or even blunt about what you expect.

The Setting in The Lottery - Free Essay Example

The 77th Annual Sacrifice When you think of striking gold in the lottery, you dream that you get lucky and win a tremendous amount of cash! However, The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson (Jackson) surprises the audience with a reverse effect because if you win; the rest of the village will stone you to death. In The Lottery, the author uses symbols to foreshadow and develop the setting that results in an ironic story that demonstrates her work. One symbol of foreshadowing in the story is the characters name Mr. Graves. This is ironic because winning the lottery and death doesnt go together. For example, people who win the lottery ultimately lose their life. Thus, the symbol of Graves is an early introduction into the ironic story. Another symbol that is ironic is the Black Box. The story correlates the black box with a coffin which is a symbol used after people pass away. As for the setting, a person named Mr. Summers is introduced which represents the season of the story. The lottery takes place during the summer which represents an important event for the town. In The Lottery, the setting is ironic because the author contradicts the typical meaning of summer. With the introduction of Old Man Warner, the story gives us a glimpse of history and his role in the story as a symbol. Old Man Warner is important in the story not only because hes been in 77 lotteries throughout his whole life, its because he is a important symbol in the story introduced by the author. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in town and understands the towns traditions. Therefore, Old Man Warner represents the town at heart. The younger generations try there hardest to persuade Old Man Warner to trash the lottery because theres no use. He believes if the lottery is retired as a tradition, as quoted; Theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves. (Jackson, p3). According to Old Man Warner, the lottery is the only event keeping our society stable; thus, gives us a glimpse how the town ended up this way. Old Man Warner doesnt accept this theory and thinks they are crazy and quotes them as Pack of crazy fools (Jackson, p2) for wanting to stop the lottery. Due to his superstition, he thinks that human sacrifice is the logical answer for insuring that our crops are good, as referenced in the s tatement Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (Jackson, p3). Old Man Warner believes in the past traditions because he is against change which is common for the older generation. The other main symbol introduced is the Black Box. Unlike Old Man Warner, this black box represents the absence of tradition. This is because the physical box itself has never been passed down to other generations; rather, only the ideas and rituals that were passed through word of mouth. As of today, only pieces of the original black box remain and its a shell of itself. An example is in the beginning, the villagers used wood chips and now the black box is only made of paper. Over the years, the small details of the lottery have been lost in translation and all that remains is theories and memories. As a result, the villagers are blindly following a ritual that effectively been lost for the sake of tradition. Therefore, the town is only holding lotteries without any common goals and that is not meaningfu l. In The Lottery, the story also uses a theme to show irony, the book was portrayed as a happy environment with sunny days, but as we all can conclude the ending of the book is not as pleasant. The theme of the story is people blindly following tradition without any reason is not positive and can be very dangerous. This is shown to the reader through the bizarre ritual of murdering innocent people just because of a tradition knowing its wrong. The town has become so immersed in this tradition that they fail to see the moral damage it is creating in their society and the future generations. Old Man Warner is a perfect reflection of this because from his point of view, there is no fault in following the tradition of stoning people after they win the lottery. He is very committed to his tradition and beliefs and that makes the story highly interesting. This is very ironic because the idea of human sacrifice to develop their crops is an inverted way of thinking. Old Man Warner does not question this tradition and undoubtedly will kill a human simply because the towns tradition gives him an excuse and justification he needs. The black box adds to this theory because its symboliz es and hold those traditional values, but over time has declined in importance. The black box is falling apart from the passing of time and is only a shell of itself today. The villager beliefs and loyalty with the box is due to nothing more than historic stories. This proves that the villagers are blindly following tradition versus analyzing the impact of what is morally right versus wrong. In our current society, actions should be more carefully thought out because of the major consequences. The setting in The Lottery is a very important symbol that gives the reader a sense of the season, first impressions, and an overall feeling of what the storys plot. In the beginning, Jackson is very specific in describing the setting of her story. She says, The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day (Jackson, page 1). After reading this quote, one would assume or visualize a happy time period in town. Also, most people would imagine this puts the reader in a place that seems very welcoming. It is the start of summer and people are normally excited as they prepare for relaxation and getting together for fun activities. On the contrary, this will prove misleading because Jackson initially gives her audience the sense of normalcy. However, this is not the scenario when the story later reveals that the towns lottery traditions result negatively by being stoned to death. The mood of the story quickly changes once the reader realizes the actua l theme. As one continues with the story, there is something very mysterious about this town that leaves the reader with many questions. For example, how did the town end up like this? In conclusion, throughout the story the reader can clearly see how Jackson leverages the setting, foreshadowing, and symbols to create an ironic story. The setting in The Lottery being summer doesnt equate to what most people feel normally occurs during that season. Jackson ultimately tricks the reader into thinking that the village people are normal and happy in the beginning only to reveal an opposite effect. As the reader progresses, one later finds out about the unusual lottery ritual details. This completely changes the mood and the readers feelings about the intended setting. There are two main symbols in this story, one being Old man Warner and the second being the Black Box. Both symbols give the reader a sense of tradition and the towns roots. Jacksons writing used reverse antics which leaves her audience with a great theme that results in an ironic story.

David Kennedy s Over Here The First World War And...

David Kennedy’s Over Here: The First World War and American Society gives the reader an in depth description of American history during Americas involvement in World War I. The book covers from President Wilson’s war message to Congress on April 2, 1917 to the Armistice on November 11, 1918 pointing out major dilemmas within the country, whether they are political, social, or cultural. Kennedy starts the book out with a prologue that sets the scene. After the prologue, Kennedy jumps into explaining the war and the thoughts of the American people about the war that was carried into the battlefield. During this time, Wilson had just won his re-election of 1916, which was won by promising to keep America out of the war. So it was not hard to†¦show more content†¦This became a feud within the country on topics such as what war meant to the education system. With many people still questioning the war, the Committee on Public Information was formed. Lead by George Cr eel, the main focus of the Committee on Public Information was to get America on the same page regarding the war; and determined they were. Throughout the war, pamphlets were handed out to the American people. Nearly 75 million pamphlets were handed out (there were more than 30 different pamphlets) to the public. These pamphlets came in many varieties of languages and explained America’s involvement with the war. As time went out, the Committee of Public Information began to push the war stronger and stronger through propaganda. This was not the approach that Creel preferred. Creel preferred the softer approach of persuasion by letting the statistics do the persuading. Soon the Committee of Public Information began to lose touch with its original goal. The Committee became submerged with patriotism with the population in its sight. As more time went on, their goal became less about persuading America and more about purifying America by any means. For many people, the war was not only over seas. Our own people were now bringing the war onto home soil. In June of 1917, the Espionage Act of June 1917 was passed. This act permitted Postmaster-General Burleson to censor United States mail at his

Learn the French Conjugations for Présenter (to Present)

The French verb  prà ©senter  means to introduce or to present. While its easy enough to remember because its similar to the English, you will still need to conjugate it to say presented or introducing. The good news is that this is a regular verb and a brief lesson will introduce you to its most important conjugations.   The Basic Conjugations of  Prà ©senter French verb conjugations tend to worry French students because you have so many words to memorize. Where English gives us only a few verb forms for the present, future, and past tenses, French gives us a new word for each subject pronoun within each tense. However, with a word like  prà ©senter, which  is a  regular -er verb, the conjugations are just a little easier. Thats because it follows the most common conjugation pattern found in the French language. If youve studied a few verbs already, the endings you see here should look familiar. The indicative verb mood is the most common and it includes the basic tenses youll need for most conversations. Using the chart, you can find the appropriate conjugation that corresponds to the subject and the tense of your sentence. As an example,  je prà ©sente  means I am presenting while  nous prà ©sentions  means we introduced. Present Future Imperfect je prsente prsenterai prsentais tu prsentes prsenteras prsentais il prsente prsentera prsentait nous prsentons prsenterons prsentions vous prsentez prsenterez prsentiez ils prsentent prsenteront prsentaient The Present Participle of  Prà ©senter For regular verbs, forming the  present participle  is simple. Just add  -ant  to the verb stem and you have the word  prà ©sentant. Prà ©senter  in the Compound Past Tense While you can use the imperfect for the past tense, you may find the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  easier to remember. This is a compound that requires the  past participle  prà ©sentà ©, which tells us that the act of introducing has already happened. The only conjugation you need to worry about here is transforming  the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense. Youll then follow that with  prà ©sentà ©. For example, I introduced is  jai prà ©sentà ©Ã‚  and we introduced is  nous avons prà ©sentà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Prà ©senter While the forms of  prà ©senter  above should be your focus at first, there are a few more simple conjugations you may need at times. For example,  the subjunctive  is helpful when you need to question the act of introducing and  the conditional  is used when its dependent on something else. Both  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary forms and typically only found in written French. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je prsente prsenterais prsentai prsentasse tu prsentes prsenterais prsentas prsentasses il prsente prsenterait prsenta prsentt nous prsentions prsenterions prsentmes prsentassions vous prsentiez prsenteriez prsenttes prsentassiez ils prsentent prsenteraient prsentrent prsentassent You may not need  the imperative  for a verb like  prà ©senter  often, but its good to know that when you do use it the subject pronoun is not required. Imperative (tu) prsente (nous) prsentons (vous) prsentez

China Superpower

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 9915 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Dragon Awakes Will China be the next superpower China is a sleeping dragon. When it awakes, the world will shake. (Eccleston H, 2004, p290). Napoleon Bonaparte made this prophetic comment regarding China in 1808and it would seem that today China has indeed awoken. (Optimize, 2004p. 1). China has had unprecedented economic growth at around 9.5% perineum, a statistic even more impressive amazing bearing in mind that only in 1978 China was poorer than Korea and Taiwan were in the 1960s. (Nye 1997-98 p. 67). China also shows signs of extending its economic reach and is expanding its ventures into developed states. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "China Superpower | International Relations Dissertations" essay for you Create order Only recently the Chinese firm Nanjing bought the British ailing car firm MG rover for 50 million. (BBC News 2006 p. 1). Also in 2005 the Chinese Lenovo Group acquired IBMs PC business making Lenovo the third largest PC Company in the world. (Economic Times, 2005 p. 1) There is also a huge inflow of FDI (foreign direct investment) into China. China has established 22,245 new firms attracting $59.2 billion in FDI making a total of $33.4 billion in 2003. This makes China the top destination for FDI and a country that firms want to do business with. (Peoples Daily, 2003). It is thought by some observers that Chinas economy at its present rate could eventually overtake that of the US(United States). (Nye 1997-98 p. 67). If this is so, could China surpass the US in other areas and displace the US as the world superpower. There will be huge implication for international relations if this is to be the case. The writers hypothesis is that Chinas rise to superpower status will mean a shift of economic, military and cultural power from the west tithe east. Drawing on the work of John Mearsheimer that states are power maximizes, China will continue to pursue power in a bid to become the most powerful state in the international system, a position currently occupied by the US. (Mearsheimer 2001 p. 21). Even those who advocate that the spread of liberalism will lessen the need for the pursuit of power have not been able to ignore this development. Fukuyama in his book America at the Crossroads says that social engineering like that seen in Iraq leads to unexpected consequences and undermines its own ends. Therefore actions which are put forward as promoting peace and democracy turn into something they were not intended to be, the promotion of the national interest of the US. (New York Times, 2006 p. 2). Therefore a state whose power is so big it is unchecked is unable to police itself and act benevolently in the anarchic system. Its main concern is the accumulation of power and it will not be satisfied as purported by Waltz defensive realist view, by only seeking to acquire as much power so as to feel secure. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 169-170). A world dominated by China A world dominated by China may be very different than the present world that has for the last two centuries been dominated by a western power. As already mentioned Chinas rise will not result in it being status quo power and therefore it will not be happy to work within system determined by western values. (Guardian 2005 p. 2). China has different values to that of the west and its rise will lead to the promotion of those values through its economic, military and institutional power. Therefore as Huntingdon notes, the new fault-lines will not be between ideologies like the two World Wars and the Cold War but between civilizations. This is due to the different views that cultures have in regard to relationships such as the citizen and the state, husband and wife, liberty and equality. (Huntingdon 1993 p.25). The west has promoted its values of liberalism as being the universal values of the world community. But due to the anarchic structure of the system these values have been used to promote its national interest. China will appeal to those states who have different view of the world that the one being put forward by the US and other western states. These states will have similar cultural values to China which stress the subordination of individual rights and elevate consensus differ from the western beliefs of liberty, equality and individualism. (Huntingdon 1993 p. 29). Indeed China is forging links with states that the US deems as rogue states such as Iran with its recent gas deal worth $100 billion. The US has imposed economic sanctions on Iran and this gas deal is a clear sign that China does not intend to work within a system determined by the US. Further, Iran is looking to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) which could act as a counterweight to US institutional power. (Asia Times 2004 p.1-2). The writer will look at Chinas potential superpower status using the neo-realist theory and its conceptual and methodological framework. This will entail the use of secondary research methods by exploring the concepts of neo-realism through the scholars in this field. This theory rose to prominence during the late 1970s due to the writings of Kenneth Waltz. (Buzau in Zale ski 2002 p. 49). It rests on the earlier realist perspective of writers such as E H Carr and Hans Morgenthau, which was dominant in international relations in the post-World War II era. Realism also rose due to the inability of the liberal perspective and its principles to maintain peace in Europe. (Bur chill, 2001 p. 71). It was concerned with the causes of war and ways in which it can be prevented. (Buzau in Zale ski 2002 p. 48). EH Carrs The Twenty Years Crisis was a critique of the liberal view that co-operation, under institutions such as the League of Nations, would render war obsolete. Carrs theory was proven when World War I broke out the day after his book was published. (Bur chill 2001 p.71). Morgenthaus work, Politics Amongst Nations (1948) sought to apply positivist methodology used in the natural sciences to international relations. Thus we can draw objective knowledge and laws from the social world in the same way that we can from the natural world. (Bur chill 2001 p. 77). He maintains that politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature and that human nature is reflected in the way states behave. The outcomes of the interaction of states are due to the behaviour of statesmen and thus human nature. (Bur chill 2001 p. 83). Morgenthau and Carr draw on a long philosophical heritage going back to the writings of Thucydides 460BCto 406BC and Niccole Machiavelli 1469 to 1527. The neo-realist perspective came about in response to the rise of liberal internationalism and their interdependency theory in the1970s. Neo-realism engages with this approach that deems the state tube less significant in an interdependent world due to the rise of institutions, regimes and transnational corporations. (Bailys Smith 2005 171). Realism recognised that it had to develop new tools to analyse these new developments. Thus realism reinvented itself sane-realism, acknowledging that such non-governmental actors exist, but they have to work within an anarchical international system where there is no overall authority above that of the sovereign state. This means states can never fully co-operate within these institutions due to the possibility that one state may gain more out of this co-operation. The anarchic structure of the system is where neo-realism departs from the earlier realist theory that human nature determines how states behave. Waltz systemic approach Waltz systemic approach is that it is the structure of the international system that determines the way states behave and not human nature. Despite this departure it can be said that there are core theoretical elements that underpin the earlier classical realism, modern realism of Carr and Morgenthau and Waltzs structural realism. This is known as the realist triangle of state, survival and self-help. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). The primary actor in the international system is the state. This can be traced back to Thucydides time when the unit of analysis waste city-state or polis. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). That said, Carr and Morgenthau were less state-centric in that they did not envisage the state as the final form of political community. (Burchill2001 p. 76). The state is the only legitimate representative of the people and it uses this legitimacy to wield its authority within and outside the state. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 163). The second core element is that of survival. The priority of the state is to ensure its own survival in the anarchic structure of the international system. This concept is present in Machiavellis The Prince which details what leaders must do to keep hold of their power. (Bailys Smith 2005 p. 174). The third concept is that of self-help that Waltz deems necessary to gain security in an anarchic structure. Hedley Bulls The Anarchical Society(1977) concurs with Waltz that all states exist in an anarchical society where there is no higher authority than the sovereign state. Therefore national interest is the states first duty that ensures the right for citizens to feel secure within state borders. Self-help is necessary as this cannot been trusted to anyone else and this is achieved through the accumulation of power to reduce vulnerability in the anarchic system of states. The states first law of motion is to preserve the state and in order to do this it must pursue power. (Bailys Smith p. 162-3, 169). The writer has also been inspired by the academic Paul Kennedy (1989)in his book: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. The writer will use this thesis to assess whether China is rising at the expense of the decline of the US. According to Kennedys thesis the rise and fall of power is cyclical thus once a great power has arisen it must inevitably fall. A state that has achieved economic strength will protect that strength using military power but this involves great cost. Eventually the cost will be too great and the power will decline and be replaced as evidence by the decline of Britain in 1873. (Nye 1990 p. 3) The United States has undoubtedly been the great power of the 20thCentury. Will it remain so during the 21st century or will it fall and be replaced by China thus confirming Kennedys thesis that all great powers will eventually follow this decline thus paving the way for the next great power? There are those who believe the era of the superpower is coming to amend. Fukuyama believes that states will not need to rival each other for power. The spread of liberal democracy and its sidekick liberal economy has triumphed over other regimes. (Fukuyama 1992). It is further believed that open economies create interdependency and sharing of common interests. (Nye 1997-98 p. 76). Also, the state is in relative decline due to the emergence of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and (World Bank) and also MNCs (multinational corporations. (Bailys Smith 164). Even in the US Congress the former House of Representatives speaker Newt Gingrich does not regard Chinas growth as in any way a threat whilst there are those who have views to the contrary. This highlights how the theoretical debate translates into apolitical one. There are those who view the universalism of western liberalism as unchallengeable and now the norm. This view may be borne out by the fragmentation of the Soviet Union but Matthew Rees views Chinas position as similar to that of the Soviet Union in that it threatens western values of liberty and democracy. (Nye 1997-98 p.65-66) . Mearsheimer has also warned of complacency against the Chinese threat, stating of the current good relation between the two states: this US policy (of containment) is misguided. A wealthy China would not be a status quo power, but an aggressive state, determined to achieve regional hegemony (Mearsheimer 2001) Another writer in this field Joseph Nye refutes the claim that the state is in relative decline. His thesis is that the classic realist view of states as the most important actors cannot be disputed due merely to the rise of NGOs. This is because it underestimates the nature of the system of states that is anarchic in structure. Therefore if there is no higher authority to settle disputes the state cannot leave its survival to others. It must ensure its own survival and the only way this can be done is for the state to increase its power capabilities. (Bailys Smith 164). Thus in regard to on-state actors it is business as usual in that non-state actors must still work within a system of states. Thus states will still vie for power within these organisations. (Bailys Smith p. 173). This is the soft power element of the state. Definition of power Mans control over the minds and actions of other men. (Morgenthau (1948) cited in Bailys Smith p. 173) Power is a highly contested concept because it is difficult to assess what elements actually constitute power. The traditional view of powers the possession of resources that include the size of population and territory, military might and economic strength. (Nye 1990 p. 26). Thus the resources of each state can be measured and compared. But measurement is not enough as evidenced during World War Two when France and Britain had more tanks that Germany but still Germany was able to outmanoeuvre the allies. Therefore when assessing power we also need to assess a states ability to convert its resources into such power assume states can do this more effectively than others. (Nye 1990 p.27). These avenues to power will be explored and the evidence that China has these capabilities will be extrapolated. The basis for power does not remain unchanged and must be assessed in its own context. For example the basis for power in 18th Century Europe was its population as it provided soldiers and tax resources. Today it is much more difficult to pinpoint the resources that provide the basis for power. (Nye 1990 p. 27) It is therefore not sufficient to look at the concept of power merely in terms of hard power or tangible resources. As Nye has noted in the post-cold war era there has been a shift in the balance of power in the anarchic system. The bipolar world has shifted to one that is unipolar with the US as the sole superpower. The US has exhibited all the usual traits associated with this position such as military, economic and territorial strength. But advances in technology and the emergence of NGOs and MNCs have meant a closer more interdependent world. Interdependence between states does not mean co-operation as liberals purport. It can be used to further national interest and this type of influence is the intangible soft power element of state apparatus. (Nye 1990 p.30). We can see soft power in action through the Washington consensus where the US is the leader in these institutions. We can also see soft power through the spread of the USs liberal ideology in terms of economics and politics in what Fukuyama has called the Triumph of Liberal Democracy. (Fukuyama, 1992). This soft power has served to reinforce the USs hard power resources by gaining it consent and legitimacy as the dominant power. (Nye 1990 p. 33). The universalism of American culture has also helped to further the power of the US by enabling it to establish values and beliefs that are consistent with its own society. Therefore the thesis of this dissertation is that China will be the next superpower by maximizing its hard power resources to secure itself in the anarchic system of states. Also, due to interdependence among states and the growth forgoes and MNCs it will seek soft power in its pursuit of power capabilities. The consequences of this systemic shift will mean the promotion of Eastern collective values over Western liberal individualistic tendencies. Part One: Hard Power Resources The Economy: If, as Kennedy suggests, Chinas rise will be at the expense of the US, then at present most US concerns are directed at rapidly growing Chinese economy. There are certainly some impressive claims being made about the rise of Chinese economic power. Jeremy Warner writes that like it or not, from Chinas impact on finite world resources to climate change and the laws of supply and demand, it is transforming the way we live with a speed barely imaginable just a few years ago(The Independent January 27, 2006). Over the last 27 years, China has grown at an average rate of 9.6 present per annum, reaching a GDP of 2.2 trillion in 2005 (The Independent January 27, 2006). In 1979, China represented 1 per cent of the world economy, with foreign trade totalling $20.6 billion. Today China accounts for 4 per cent of the world economy, with $851 billion in foreign trade, the third largest in the world (Fijian 2005, p19).There is of course still a lot of progress to be made Chinas economy for example is still only one seventh the size of that of the US(Fijian 2005, p19) but it is the rate of growth, along with plans for future expansion, the countrys high savings ratio, and plans to expand supplies of nuclear , clean coal, hydro-electric and renewable forms of energy that lead US experts to believe that one day China will challenge the US as the worlds dominant superpower. Larry Summers, former US Treasury Secretary has compared the integration of China into the world economy as one of the three gr eat economic events of the last millennium on a par with the renaissance and the industrial revolution (The Independent, July 23, 2005). The US has had similar fears about economic competition in the past. In the early 1980s it had concerns about the economic successes being enjoyed by Germany and Japan fears that were allayed after stagnation in both countries. With China however, US fears appear to be deeper-rooted, primarily at the incredible rate of progress seen in China. Whilst the US economy may still be much larger at present, the rate of growth in China will continue to narrow the gap quickly. And of course, there is an ideological issue at the heart of the US fears about China how is a Communist country succeeding where others have stumbled? The answer lies partly in Americas own attempts to take advantage of the economic conditions in China when Deng Xiaoping began to open up China to the rest of the world. China had historically been an insular nation, separated from the rest of the world and failing to make the most of its earlier technological advances. Deng understood that whilst China had a huge labour force, to succeed it needed to be organised, competitive in international markets and producing the type of goods that the rest of the world wanted to buy. For this to happen, China would need help from the outside world. The result has been huge foreign investments as companies from across the world have attempted to take advantage of Chinas low labour costs. As Stephen King concludes, foreign investors have turned China into the worlds biggest assembly plant: China may be a one-party state, but the authorities know all about Adam Smith and the division of labour (The Independent, February 13, 2006). China is gradually picking off the economies of other G7 nations. Whilst its economy is still considerably smaller than Americas, by the end of 2004 it was bigger economically than France, Italy and Canada(The Independent, February 13, 2006). Germany and Japan are likely tube overtaken soon and then China will have the US firmly in its sights. It will have the opportunity to challenge US regional and global hegemony. Whilst there is an optimistic view that the economic growth in China will lead to long-term mutually beneficial cooperation with the US, more likely outcome is growing tension between the two. As China continues to grow, it will gradually begin to demand more of the worlds scarce resources oil prices for example are already high and may be pushed higher by Chinese demand. The same will happen with other commodities with the result that Chinas success increases the commodity bill for US consumers and increases global competition for raw materials. The US consumer may also put pressure on the government to curb Chinese economic expansion. With petrol being so lightly taxed in the US, motorists are affected directly by oil price rises. As The Economist reports: they want somebody to blame and they may have heard that China is scouring the world to lock op oil supplies for its own energy security (The Economist, September 3, 2005). Both the US and China have some common economic interests. Both benefit from free trade for example. However, with China now exporting six times as much to the US as it imports from it (The Economist, September3, 2005)., it is now China that has the most to gain, something of an irony after years of America hammering on its door to access Chinese markets. There have also been concerns in the US that China is trying to but its way into strategic assets within the US. In June 2005,CNOOC, a Chinese state controlled company attempted to buy Unocal, medium sized US oil company. Hawks within the US administration argued against allowing oil firms to fall into Chinese hands and, with public opinion in the US against the deal, it eventually fell through. The Chinese view on globalisation has been mixed. There is a view that globalisation gives a stronger reason for economic cooperation between economically strong states and certainly the acceptance of global brands into Chinese culture supports the argument that it has embraced globalisation. On the other hand, globalisation tends to reinforce US and Western interests first and foremost and the 1997-99 Asian financial crisis has convinced many within China that it could expose Chinese economic vulnerability. As Foot concludes: with Americas advantage in technological innovation, revolution in military affairs and cultural domination, globalisation seemed to confer gains on Washington and thus further to reinforce the unipolar structure (Foot2006 p82). Military Power To assess Chinas rise to Superpower status we need to look at how it ranks in regard to military strength and capability. (Waltz 1979 p.131). The Neo-Realist view is that the nation-state is the most natural form of society and it should be defended for the national good. (Kennedy p. 90). Armies are essential for controlling land and bringing security to the nation state and which is the main objective in a world of states in a system of anarchy. (Mearsheimer p. 86). Due to competition for resources in a world of anarchy military powers a crucial instrument of the national interest. (Garnett, 1987 p.71). Thus military power is monopolised by states and used to protect states from external force. It is the capacity to kill, coerce or destroy and plays a significant part in international politics that will not be supplanted until the system of states is transformed. (Garnett 1987, p. 69-71). Those who have the most military strength are usually the most influential and the most respect ed in the system and certainly a proposition shared by Mao Ste-Tungs saying that political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. (Garnett 1987, p.74). Recent analyses of the Chinese military threat from Washington have expressed growing concern. The 2005 Pentagon report concluded that China could threaten not just its smaller regional neighbours like Taiwan but eventually modern militaries operating in the region. This can be taken to include the US. (Washington Post July 23, 2005). Yee and Storey suggest that there are a number of contributing factors to the belief that China is gradually attempting to extend its influence in the region 1)its territorial disputes with other countries in the region have intensified, 2) its rapid economic development has accelerated its military modernisation process and 3)China has elevated re-unification with Taiwan as a higher priority following the successful retrocession of Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in1999(Yee and Storey, p4). These factors can be interpreted as evidence of strategic expansion in the region, with territorial claims on the islets in the South China Sea being seen in particular by Chinas neighbours as a sign of a policy of expansion. The hard-line policy on Taiwan and the refusal to abandon the threat of military force against it is also seen as evidence of an aggressive state. As Harry Harding writes: the rest of the world has viewed the prospect of a Greater China with both fascination and alarm. Some see it in benign terms, as a dynamic common market that provides growing opportunities for trade and investment. More frequently, however, there has been concern that the combination of economic and military resources available to China will pose a significant threat to the commercial vitality and the strategic stability of the rest of the region (Yee and Storey p4). There is certainly evidence that China is building up its military capability to the point where it could at least challenge the US in the region. Whilst Kennedy had written in 1989 that Chinas army is strong numerically but woefully under equipped in modern instruments of war(Kennedy 1989, p577), more recently China has bolstered its naval, submarine and cruise missile capabilities, is in the process of purchasing advanced aircraft systems and is building a nuclear missile arsenal that is capable of striking virtually all of the United States(Washington Post, July 23, 2005). Whilst much has been made of Chinese reforms since 1979 since in terms of economic growth, it is important to realise that there have been great efforts made to reorganise the military from the early 1980sonwards. Plans were put in place to reduce the Peoples Liberation Army from 4.2 million to 3 million (Kennedy 1989, p579) and develop a much more professional force with a higher quality of personnel. In 2000, the total estimated strength of the Chinese military was 2.5million, of which an estimated 1.8 million are ground forces. The overall strategy for the PLA is an overall reduction and reorganisation of both equipment and personnel with a view to creating a more modern and mobile army. In terms of equipment, China falls a long way behind the US military but is looking to modernise. It has a tank inventory of around10,000,many of which are Soviet or Chinese built. Its air force possesses around 4,350 aircraft, the majority of which are combat aircraft. The government is also looking to develop a local aerospace industry that would have the capability to produce technologically advanced aircraft, whilst continuing to import aircraft from Russia. The government also has plans to buy a number of AWAC aircraft from Israel. More recently there have been statements from Chinese military strategists that indicate that China is gearing up to use its military hard power resources. Taiwan will be the most likely arena for the flexing of Chinese military power. General Wen Zinger , political commissar of the Academy of Military Science has stated that the Taiwan problem is of far reaching significance to breaking international forces blockade against Chinas rise to rise suddenly, China must pass through oceans and go out of the oceans in its future development(Washington Post July 23, 2005). For proponents of the Chinese threat, such statements support the realist view that China is seeking to increase then demonstrate its power in the international arena. Just as Morgenthau argues that the pursuit of power in world politics is both natural and justified, surrealists will argue that China will become unsatisfied with the existing global power structure and adopt a policy of imperial expansionism aimed at attaining both regional and global hegemony (Yeaned Storey 2002, p7). Whilst China also has the option of economic and cultural means to accomplish its strategic objectives, military force remains the most traditional form of imperialism, and the most likely course for China to take once its economy is fully developed. Joseph Nye observes that the rise of China is actually a misnomer and that a more accurate term would be the re-emergence of China. Certainly, China has long been a major power in East Asia, and technologically and economically it was the worlds leader (though without global reach) from 500 to 1500, before being overtaken by Europe and America. Indeed, Chinas re-emergence would equate with Kennedys argument that power across the globe is cyclical. China already has some issues with the US and the other great powers over foreign policies. As a member of the UN Security Council it has traditionally opposed the views of Western states on the international arena and is continuing to do so in spite of its closer economic ties with the West. Whilst China may accept that at the present time it must operate in a US-dominated unipolar world, it believes that its future should at least lie in a multipolar world encompassing the US, China, Europe, Russia and Japan (Foot, 2006, p81). Certainly during the 1990sthere was Chinese unease at the continued American dominance in global affairs with issues such as further NATO expansion eastward, the renegotiation of terms of the US-Japan alliance, US defence missile systems and intervention in Kosovo being of particular concern. Chinas population can be both a hard power resource and a burden. Its current population of 1.3 billion is expected to continue to rise until2030 when it will peak at 1.5 billion before going into decline. Population of such a size is of course a huge resource in terms of manpower, yet a huge burden on the domestic economy and from a domestic security point of view and massive number of people over which to maintain effective control. Western states continue to lobby the Chinese government for greater democratisation, yet the fear of anarchy from a more liberalised system would appear to be keeping the leadership committed to an authoritarian regime. From a realist perspective, it is the combination of economic and military power of China that will ultimately lead to conflict with thus. The build-up of such hard resources will be seen as a threat by thus regardless of any good neighbour policies that Chinese diplomats may point to. Realists within the US policy making sphere will argue that China is merely biding its time until its economy is strong enough to provide a basis for future hegemony. Thucydides argument that the belief in the inevitability of conflict can be the cause of war is appropriate here if both sides believe they will eventually end up in conflict, the military build-up will continue, economic cooperation will fade away, and conflict will become unavoidable. China will eventually have to seek further power in order. Certainly, as the Chinese economy continues to grow, it is likely that its military power will increase. For example, early in 2005, it announced a 12.6 per cent increase in defence spending (Nye, Daily Times March 27, 2005), something that makes it appear more dangerous touts neighbours and further complicating US military commitments in Asia. A RAND study has projected that Chinas military expenditure will be more than six times higher than Japans by 2015 and accumulated military capital stock at around five times higher (Daily Times, March27, 2005), again something that suggests it is looking to achieve regional hegemony before aiming its sights higher and looking for global hegemony. Whilst a global military challenge to the US in the short term is unlikely, there is certainly a possibility that China could challenge the US in East Asia, or even more probably over Taiwan. China would almost certainly intervene militarily if Taiwan were ever to declare independence, irrespective of the military or economic cost. No Chinese leader can afford to be seen as the one that lost Taiwan permanently and at present, the Wests main concern about the Chinese military rests around possible action in Taiwan. Chinas perception of US strategic aims is also an important factor, particularly set against the theory that two nations that believe in the inevitability of war will eventually come into conflict. There has been criticism within China of the Bush administrations attempts to move the focus of strategic policy away from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This has included an increase in military assistance to Taiwan, and, in the eyes of some Chinese commentators, adjusted China into the position of strategic enemy. Undoubtedly, in the eyes of some US officials, China is already a strategic competitor or opponent rather than a partner. Zhou Jamming has commented that the US view of China is something that could escalate tension between the two nations: the security situation we face now is that we are being treated as the main opponent, not the secondary opponent, by the worlds only superpower. The situation is not temporary, but will continue for a long time. When faced with such a situation, we must consider our countrys national security strategy, national development strategy and national unification strategy from the perspective of a worst not best, possible (scenario) and from a practical situation rather than idealistic principles. Only then can we stand firm and face the current severe situations (Nye and Storey p31). Similarly, at present, whilst the US still has an undoubted military and economic superiority over China, it can be the perception of threat that can lead to tension between China and other nations. Yeaned Storey argue that it is an imagined or hypothetical Chinese threat that may hinder its relations with other countries, distorting its image across the globe and so having a negative impact on its open door policy and the process of democratisation (Yee and Storey p33). Many Chinese, including elements of the leadership find it difficult to understand that the West sees the country as such a threat. There is feeling amongst the Chinese that the West is attempting to demonise China and that the idea of China as a threat is indeed becoming threat to China in itself. The neorealist view that an emerging power will eventually generate confrontation with an existing power is almost self-perpetuating the belief in the West that China is a threat will eventually force China to act aggressively in its own defence. Within China, the theory of the Chinese threat is seen as evidence that Western powers do not wish China to become strong, powerful and prosperous. In fact, the idea of a Chinese threat has itself become motivating force for Chinese nationalism. The accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999 sparked a wave of anti-Western demonstrations across China. Clearly there is an element faint-Western feeling that may manifest itself in a more serious form in the future. China continues to strengthen its regional alliances, a further sign that it sees itself as a long-term challenger to US dominance. In August 2005, it carried out its first joint military manoeuvres with Russia (The Economist September 3, 2005) and whilst both nations stated that the event was an anti-terrorist operation, it is hard to believe that there was not an implicit message to the US involved. Of equal concern to the US, is Russias supplying of military equipment to China. During the recent joint manoeuvres, Russia deployed strategic bombers that military analysts believe China would like to buy as part of preparation for possible future conflict with the US over Taiwan. Chinas hard power resources are still a good way behind those of thus. However there is evidence that its economy will certainly continue to grow in the coming decades into a position where it becomes a direct competitor to the US. The Chinese military is also reorganising and building up its strength. If it can do so to the same extent that the economy, then China will have the hard power resources to challenge US dominance. Soft Power Resources: Soft power resources can encompass a number of different factors, from a nations ability to influence and set the agenda on the international stage, to the appeal of its culture, values and beliefs. In the case of China, its lack of democracy and poor human rights record have led to questions about its values and beliefs, yet its recent economic development, the positive nature of its public and official diplomacy and the strength of its business community have contributed to an increase in its soft power. It is an important concept; whilst there has been a great deal of attention paid to Chinas growing economic and military power, far less has been paid tithe rise of its soft power, and as Nye suggests: in a global information age, soft sources of power such as culture, political values and diplomacy are part of what makes a great power. Success depends on not only whose army wins, but also on whose story wins (Wall Street Journal Asia 29 December 2005). Chinese leaders have primarily utilised soft power resources in an attempt to portray itself as a still developing nation with a long term strategy no more ambitious than establishing itself as a great power, yet still secondary to the US in a still unipolar world. Whilst realists will argue that China is a long-term threat to US global dominance, a number of other commentators see Chinas aims as peaceful. This is very much the impression that the leadership likes to portray. General Xing Sizing, President of the National Defence University has written: Chinas socialist system determines that my country will always adopt an independent and peaceful foreign policy, aiming at retaining world and regional peace as well as a good neighbourly policy towards our border states. Chinas socialist system also determines that my country will always adopt a defensive national defence policy and military strategy. Now and in the future, my country will not seek global or regional hegemony, nor w ill join any military alliances, nor will participate in any form of arms race, will not station troops or establish military bases abroad, and will not start a war to invade another country (Nye Storey, p27). Rosemary Foot argues that the Chinese accept US dominance on the international stage, whilst being confident that China is at least on the rise, unlike former superpower rival Russia. Whilst China has increased its military spending over the last decade it is not about to exhaust itself in an unproductive arms race with the US (Foot 2006p83). Foot suggests that from the start of its reform period in 1979, the key goal for China has been achieving a comprehensive national strength, something that requires a peaceful regional and global environment. Again, the Chinese leadership has attempted to influence others that its rise would be benign and mutually beneficial the Foreign Minister stated in 2002 that the development of China is not challenge, nor a threat, it is a new opportunity for development (Foot2006, p85). The messages coming out of China, in effect the show of soft power, consistently suggests that the nation simply wants to concentrate omits economic development without any form of conflict. Sheng Fijian argues that China will transcend ideological differences to strive for peace, development and cooperation with other nations that will be beneficial for all (Fijian 2005, p22). Chinas development targets for the next 50 years are also designed to reassure the US that its intentions are peaceful, targeting a doubling of its GDP by 2010, further doubling by 2020, with an aim to advance until 2050 until it Isa prosperous, civilised nation, on a par with the middle rung of nations (Fijian 2005, p24). The Chinese leadership would also like to portray its acceptance that the US remains the only country with the capacity and ambition for global primacy. It will argue that the US has sufficient hard power advantages over any other nation to remain dominant, that military victory in Afghanistan has strengthened the US position as it now has political, military and economic footholds in Central Asia and that it has also strengthened its military presence in South East Asia, the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. Wang Jixi supports the Chinese leadership in attempting to set this type of agenda, arguing that the gap between the two nations is too great for a US-USSR style confrontation. He states, Chinas political, economic, social and diplomatic influences on the US are far smaller than the US influences on China (Jixi 2005, p41). From 1996,China has adopted a new security concept as a way to boost its soft power. With this concept it has moved away from power politics to develop a more prominent role in promoting regional security. Number of its actions have been designed to boost its standing in the region: it offered assistance to neighbours during the 1997-99financial crisis; it has engaged with the ASEAN regional Forum Adaptec; in November 2002 it signed up to the Declaration of parties in the South China Sea, renouncing violent means of dealing with disputed sovereignty claims in these waters, and; in 2004 it joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group and applied for membership of the Missile Technology Control Scheme (Foot 2006, p86). China has also stepped up its contribution to UN peace building and peacekeeping operations in an attempt to portray itself as a responsible emerging power. Even in its direct relations with the US, China has attempted to accommodate when possible. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, China allowed the FBI to set up a legal attach office in Beijing (Foot 2006, p86)and whilst disagreeing with the war in Iraq, was less vocal in its criticism than the likes of France and Germany. The only issues over which China has consistently disagreed with the US in recent years are Taiwan, US criticisms of its human rights record and Chinas view that the US has attempted to undermine the role of the UN Security Council. Whether the Chinese government actually has a defined strategy for soft power is debatable. Soft power generally stems from non-governmental institutions such as businesses or cultural groups rather than particular governmental actions, yet in China it would appear that soft power tools are operating within a framework developed by the government. Whilst it lacks the economic power of more developed nations, China has stepped up its aid to developing nations and has built up a range of bilateral relations with nations as diverse as Russia, India, France, Iran and Brazil (Foot 2006 p85) to serve as a form of insurance policy should relations with the US deteriorate. Soft power can also include the promotion of language and culture. China promotes the spread of its language and culture both throughout South East Asia and the rest of the world and more recently there has been an increase in outbound tourism, again boosting the image of China, particularly across South East Asia. Enrolment of foreign students into China has increased from 36,000 to 110, 000 over the last decade and the number of foreign tourists has increased to 17 million(Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2005). Chinese books, television shows and brands are growing in popularity across the region and into Europe for example Kieran, shirt sponsors of Everton FC, used the profile of the Premiership to build awareness of its mobile phone brand. (Eaves, Epson Fletcher 2005). China is attempting to enter the area of global popular culture as well, a further method of exercising soft power. The 2000 Nobel Prize for Literature was won by Chinese novelist Gaol Xingjian and the Chinese film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was the highest grossing on-English film (Wall Street Journal Asia, December 29, 2005). In thus, Chinese basketball player Yao Ming is the star of the US National Basketball Associations Houston Rockets and of course Beijing is set-to host the 2008 Olympic Games. China will also point to its lack of resources in some areas as another tactic in the sphere of soft power. Whilst its economy has made huge gains, Chinese officials will argue that in per capita terms it remains ranked 100th in the world (Fijian 2005 (p20), a fact that leaves it ranked as still a low-income developing country. China will also suggest to those who see it as a threat that is still has huge poverty and a scarcity of natural resources. Its per capita water resources are one quarter of the world average, its per capita resources of cultivable farmland 40 per cent of world averages and its per capitol and gas resources are 8.3 per cent and 4.1 per cent of world averages respectively (Fijian 2005 p20). In diplomatic circles, China will use facts such as these to play down its ambitions. It will suggest that it is different to emerging powers of the past in that its rise is driven by capital, technology and resources acquired through peaceful means rather than by wars of ag gression. Ultimately Chinas greatest soft power resource is its ability to influence on the international stage and maintain the concept that its not a threat to the US or the second rung of world powers. Whilst realists may ignore this line of argument, there are many others who have been persuaded. Rosemary Foot summarises the views of those who accept the Chinese line: China does not seek hegemony or predominance in world affairs. It advocates a new international, political and economic order, one that can be achieved through incremental reforms and the democratisation of international relations. Chinas development depends of world peace a peace that its development will reinforce(Foot 2006, p25). Chinas soft power is an important resource. The spread of Chinese culture across south east Asia is gradually extending its influence throughout the region and its ability to sell itself as a peaceful nation on the world stage is convincing some to turn a blind eye to the dangers of its economic and military gains. Part Three: Liberalism or Authoritarianism? Chinas authoritarian socialist political system is seen as another important factor contributing to the Chinese threat. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, China has taken on the mantle of being the worlds last major communist power. Over the same period, a number of other regimes in East Asia have overthrown authoritarian regimes and embraced democracy for example South Korea, Indonesia and the Philippines. China has made little progress in moving towards democratic reform, despite Western pressure that followed the Tiananmen Square incident in1989 and this remains one of the major sources of tension between China and the West. The Chinese leadership refuses to accept or adopt Western democratic values or to share its centrally controlled political power with its population. Those who have attempted to push for peaceful political reform in China have been frustrated despite the spread of liberal democratic values and ideas in other parts of the region. It Isa situation that continues to put China at odds with the US and other major powers. As Yee and Storey conclude: As far as the West is concerned, socialism is no longer a viable political system and theres continuous resistance to democratisation is unacceptable (Yeaned Storey, p3). There are of course vast ideological differences between China and thus, the superpower that it may one day usurp. From a realist perspective, it is these differences that will lead the two nations almost inevitably into conflict should Chinas economic rise continue. There are two broadly contrasting views of relations between the US and China: firstly the hope that China will find long-term accommodation with the US and the economic benefits of partnership will outweigh the need for confrontation and; secondly the realist view that predicts conflict on the grounds that China will eventually be tempted to try-out its military strength, and also that the US will never tolerate China as a world power of even as a secondary world power in Asia and the Pacific. The ideological differences between the two are beginning to emerge, particularly amongst US conservatives. Many feel that Chinas military build-up plus its sale of arms to states seen as rogue by the US is threat. Others are concerned that Chinese bids for US oil firms are part of a strategy to buy up America and threaten its security, whilst ideological differences with the American Christian Right are even more pronounced the lack of religious freedom and birth quotas in particular are repellent to many in the US (The Economist, September2005). The US military and defence policy makers also view with concern the improvements in the military capability of what they see as a nasty authoritarian regime. The Pentagon is rightly concerned that Chinas rapidly modernising army appears to be far larger and better equipped than its own defensive needs require. A recent review concluded that: China does not now face a direct threat from another nation. Yet, it continues to invest heavily in its military, particularly in programmes designed to improve its power projection (The Economist, September 3,2005) China most certainly appears willing to make alliances with countries that are seen as unacceptable to the US Iran is the most obvious example of this. The West also needs to realise that there are plenty of other nations that do not necessarily aspire to the Western democratic model of government and may look to China than the Wests liberal democracies for future alliances. Chinas economic success under an authoritarian regime must give food for thought to political leaders elsewhere. Russia for example, with its history of autocratic tsars and a communist one party state may come to see China as a role model for economic recovery. As Stephen King argues: Chinas strength not only changes its relative economic position vis--vis the US, but through boosting the incomes of commodity-producing nations around the world, is making them think twice about their support for US economic and political hegemony (The Independent, February 13, 2006). There are in essence, two fundamentally contradictory forces within Chinese politics that mirror encapsulate the tensions between liberalism and authoritarianism. Economically, China has fully embraced capitalism and has made a success out of doing so. Domestic politics however remains based on an old-fashioned Soviet style Politburo and Central Committee. The free market economy has been readily accepted, yet at the same time the leadership governs in a repressive manner, keeping a tight control over many aspects of peoples lives. Censorship of the media is strictly controlled and the government goes as far as employing large numbers of bureaucrats whose sole job it is to censor internet website deemed as contrary to the revolutionary ideals of the government (www.queensjournal.ca). China has also realised that US global hegemony is not merely economic, military or territorial. The US also uses ideology as a weapon across the globe, highlighting democracy and human rights as values that should be the international norm. US intervention abroad for example, is usually carried out under the flag of fighting for democracy. Obviously, the two nations have little in common in this area China may well see itself as a standard bearer for other forms of government, those that do not necessarily conform to the Western style forms of liberal democracy. The clash between authoritarianism and liberal democracy is likely to remain a key element of relation between China and the West. The US remains outwardly committed to the spread of Western friendly democracy across the globe, whilst Chinese leaders remain steadfastly opposed touch values. Such a clash of values leaves little real hope furlong-term strategic partnership between China and the US. If China reaches a point where its economic and military strength equals that of the US, conflict over ideology is a likely consequence. Conclusion: The US holds the unchallenged position of being the worlds only superpower at present. International relations take place in a unipolar world, where a tier of great powers such as Germany, Japan and the Unveil for position in a second tier of states. None of these states are likely to challenge the global hegemony enjoyed by the US. China however is different. It may at the present be time be further behind the US than other powerful states, but such is the speed of its economic growth that it seems inevitable that it will, within the next two to three decades, be best placed of the rest of the nations in the world to challenge US dominance. There is some debate as to whether China really wishes to challenge thus it may be more beneficial to work as a strategic partner and assume the benefits of economic cooperation with the US. The difficulty however, is that the established nation state system may not allow this to happen. The temptation to pursue further power from a position of strength has guided states for many centuries. The fact that Chinas economic growth may one day put it on an equal footing with the US will almost inevitably lead the two into conflict. The US will increasingly see China as a threat, and China will eventually reach a point where, for its own security, it will feel it necessary to challenge the US. There are contrasting views as to how Chinas rise will affect the future international order. Whilst the argument of Kennedy et al is that the dominance of all superpowers must eventually to end, there Isa view that the US position is simply too strong to be overtaken and certainly that China is too far behind ever to challenge the US militarily. China certainly prefers to suggest that is unlikely to ever seriously challenge US hegemony. The relative hard power and soft power resources of the existing superpower and the emerging power give some idea as to whether China can overtake the US. At present, the US economy remains considerably larger than the Chinese, yet notably the gap is shrinking. Most economic analysts predict Chinese parity in the next 30 to 40 years. In military terms, the US appears even further ahead of China, yet it would seem that China is now making a determined effort to rectify this. Military spending is on the increase and a more modern, professional military is appearing. Much of the Chinese military still remains outdated, yet as its economy grows, as does its capacity to invest in its military. It may be some time before China can challenges global hegemony, but gradually China is flexing its military muscles and exerting a greater regional influence. Neorealist theory argues that a growth in military strength will follow a rise in economic power and this is what is happening in China. Its increase in defence spending in recent years would suggest that it has ambitions greater than simply maintaining its own regional security. China would appear to have advantages over the US in terms of soft power and is becoming increasingly influential on the international stage because of this. The war in Iraq has damaged the international reputation of the US and thus its ability to influence indirectly the actions of other states. The deaths of Iraqi civilians and a growing belief that the conflict was engineered to give the US access to Iraqi oil has lessened the ability of the US to utilise soft power and win the hearts and minds of other states. Chinas opposition to the war and support for the role of the UN in contrast has put it in a better light with other states opposed to the US action. The continued efforts of Chinese diplomacy to sell the idea of its peaceful rise is again a triumph for soft power and something that is allowing the Chinese to continue its economic and military growth without the concern that it perhaps justifies. Chinas ability to form partnerships and alliances with nations from different parts of the globe and with a variety of political systems also serves of evidence of its growing influence. With this there is a likelihood of a growing movement of social, economic and political power from West to East. The continued growth of Chinese influence may lead to the Western liberal democratic values becoming more marginalized across the globe. The classic realist argument of the likes of Morgenthau was that the tendency to seek power and dominate is a natural element of all human associations and thus part of the essence of international politics. Agnation state will pursue its political power and national interest ball available instruments. China is doing this at present through economic growth. It is its most effective means at present of maintaining the national interest. At some point however, China will have to consider the use of military force to further its interests. The scarcity of natural resources will almost certainly bring China into confrontation with the US a state that is unlikely to accommodate an equal in military or economic terms. 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